This guide is intended to be practical and accessible to all actors of the upstream, midstream oil & gas sectors, it is intended primarily for use by operators, inspectors, technologists, engineering companies, suppliers of equipment and anticorrosion solutions and those responsible for corrosion and erosion control in the sectors of exploration production (upstream) of mineral oils, natural gas and Liquefied Natural Gas.
The main objectives are:
o to promote awareness of the damage mechanisms that are commonly occurring oil and gas
production facilities for all persons involved;
o to indicate their potential severity, according to the operating conditions;
o to help locate these mechanisms in the facilities, in order to anticipate them, avoid them or monitor
their evolution;
o to help with materials selection and corrosion prevention solutions in the design phase;
o to provide schematics and diagrams that can be use in documents, guides, specifications, ...;
o to provide up-to-date feedback from operated facilities.
This guide consists of four sections: 1 - contextual presentation and objectives; 2 - definitions, standards; 3 - reminders on the feared damage mechanisms in the upstream sector; 4 - prediction of corrosion in upstream facilities.
The third section describes the degradation mechanisms encountered in the upstream and midstream, thirteen specific mechanisms are identified while in the last section, the possible damage mechanisms, their severity, and location are described for ten process units and ten utility units. The descriptions are illustrated in typical Corrosion Prediction Diagrams and Material Selection Diagrams. Typical material selection and prevention solutions are provided. They are also reported and described on these same diagrams. These proposals are generic, should be considered as a guideline, and have to be confirmed or infirmed during detailed engineering studies.
Thanks to improved performance and lower manufacturing costs, lithium batteries originally marketed in 1991 by SONY to power portable equipment now play a key role in the expected massive development of electric mobility.
Connected to the power grid via the electrified vehicles in which they will be onboard, lithium batteries will also be used as a massive buffer for renewable energy, as well as network support tools (erasure of peak hours, frequency regulation, etc.), allowing, beyond their primary function (ensuring the mobility of the vehicle), to increase their usefulness.
These developments will profoundly transform our societies, and will allow not only to significantly reduce CO2 emissions and the consumption of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal), but also, if they are conducted and coordinated effectively, contribute to economic growth.
The development of electric mobility thus offers a unique opportunity to match legitimate environmental protection requirements with industrial development objectives.
The purpose of this book is to provide the reader an overview of lithium battery technologies, current initiatives around the world, and some perspectives for the future.
Researchers at the CEA and the CNRS, the authors of this book have, all, an expertise based on several years of experience in the development of lithium battery systems and post-lithium-ion systems, on all the elements of the value chain, from the design and synthesis of electrode materials to the integration into the vehicle.
Physicists know how to produce gases at a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. The cooling methods apply not only to atoms but also to ions and molecules. This field of research has three times been awarded the Nobel Prize. The field experienced remarkable growth when experimentalists learned how to vary at will the interactions between particles, trapping them with optical tweezers or in optical gratings with adjustable geometry. Artificial crystals made of atoms or molecules can be built to simulate the structure of matter and elucidate some of its magnetic properties, hopefully contributing to the understanding of high-temperature superconductivity. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement is the basis for new devices for the storage and transmission of quantum information. Spectacular progress is constantly being made in metrology. For example, ultra-cold atom or ion clocks measure time to better than one second over the lifetime of the Universe. New types of industrial gravimeters and gyroscopes are improving the sensitivity of seismology and navigation in space. In addition, the extreme precision of the measurements allows tests of the fundamental laws of physics, such as quantum electrodynamics, Lorentz invariance or possible variations of the fundamental constants. The field of ultra-cold particles has now reached the stage where it provides insights in the fields of condensed matter, chemistry and even cosmology.
Taking in account the high level of implications caused by the emergence of industry 4.0, it is important to know and understand the managerial challenges that nowadays organizations are facing, and more than that, what kind of answers are they developing, in order to maintain and improve their competitiveness indexes. Conscious of these implications and huge relevance, this book seeks to gather the contributions that experts and researchers have been making as a result of the most diverse research that has been developed.
In particular, this book presents the Managerial Challenges of Industry 4.0 with focus on:
- Nowadays organizations where the Internet of Things, the Internet of Services, Cyber-Physical System, among others, are a reality, and where the production processes tend to become more and more efficient, customizable and autonomous;
- Industry 4.0 as an excellent opportunity that allows management and engineering to take a more strategic and dynamic role in present organizations;
- Introducing new lines of research in the management and industrial engineering field.
Based on its potential for current competitive organizations, this book aims to facilitate understanding and bring new knowledge to different readers from professionals to academics, as well as the common reader who are interested in the organizational and socio-technical fields related to industry 4.0
